K\u00fcrt ad\u0131n\u0131n tarihi – Sevan Ni\u015fanyan<\/p>\n
14 Ocak 2018 Pazar<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrtlerin siyasi bir varl\u0131k olarak tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, benim bildi\u011fim, 10. yy\u2019d\u0131r. \u201cK\u00fcrt bir \u00e7oban\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan Bad (yahut Badh) b. Dostak 983 y\u0131l\u0131nda Miyyafarkin\u2019de (\u015fimdiki Silvan) y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irir. Onunla ba\u015flayan Mervani s\u00fclalesi, T\u00fcrklerin geli\u015finden \u00f6nceki kaotik y\u00fczy\u0131lda bat\u0131da Urfa\u2019dan do\u011fuda Bitlis ve Cizire\u2019ye uzanan alanda egemenlik iddia eder. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca bilgi kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z 11. yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci \u00e7eyre\u011finde yazan S\u00fcryani tarih\u00e7i Nusaybinli \u0130lyas (Elias d-Nisibin) ve 13. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda yazan Cezireli Arap tarih\u00e7i \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-As\u012br\u2019dir. Silvan\u2019daki tarihi Mala Badi k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc Bad\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Yan\u0131lm\u0131yorsam Silvan y\u00f6resinde halen etkili olan Badikan a\u015fireti k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc Bad\u2019a dayand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu beyli\u011fe hangi anlamda \u201cK\u00fcrt\u201d ad\u0131 verece\u011fiz, yeterli bilgim yok. Belki \u201cK\u00fcrtlerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bir Arap\/\u0130slam beyli\u011fi\u201d demek daha do\u011frudur, nitekim ayn\u0131 y\u00f6rede daha sonra kurulan Artuklu devletlerine de \u201cT\u00fcrklerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda Arap\/\u0130slam beyli\u011fi\u201d demeyi tercih ederim. Yaz\u0131 dili Arap\u00e7ad\u0131r. \u0130bn Wah\u015fiyya\u2019n\u0131n \u201ckadim K\u00fcrt alfabesine\u201d dair aktard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 fantezi olarak g\u00f6rmek daha do\u011fru olur. Mamafih 1129 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda yazan Ermeni tarih\u00e7i Urfal\u0131 Mateos\u2019un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fer do\u011fruysa, 1032 tarihli (Rumca?) yaz\u0131\u015fmada Mervani egemenli\u011finin ad\u0131 Krtasdan (Kurdistan) ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131 (ed. Bedrosian \u00a722).<\/p>\n
Demek ki “K\u00fcrdistan”\u0131n bu topraklarda “T\u00fcrkiye’den” en az k\u0131rk sene daha eski oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
*<\/p>\n
D\u00fcne kadar bildi\u011fim buydu. Ancak d\u00fcn, gayb aleminden bana s\u0131k s\u0131k yazan alim bir dostumun himmetiyle bilgimin \u00e7er\u00e7evesi bir hayli geni\u015fledi. Aktaray\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Yunanca K\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 kavim ad\u0131 en erken Polybios\u2019un M\u00d6 146 tarihli Historia\u2019s\u0131nda ge\u00e7iyor. Buna g\u00f6re Media valisi Molon M\u00d6 220 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nusaybin yak\u0131n\u0131nda 3. Antiokhos\u2019un ordusuyla \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en \u00e7ok K\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 sapanc\u0131lar\u0131na (\u03c3\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) g\u00fcvenmekteydi (Perseus \u00a75.52).<\/p>\n
Milattan hemen sonra yazan Amasyal\u0131 co\u011frafyac\u0131 Strabon bu bilgi k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131r\u0131r (Perseus \u00a711.13.3). Amasyal\u0131ya g\u00f6re Media \u00fclkesinin kuzeyi so\u011fuk ve da\u011fl\u0131k bir \u00fclkedir. Burada Zagros da\u011f\u0131 ile Niphates da\u011f\u0131 (G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Toroslar? Bitlis\/Siirt da\u011flar\u0131?) aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgede \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve haydut\u201d olan Kadus\u2019lar, Amard\u2019lar, Tapyr\u2019ler, K\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 ve buna benzer di\u011fer halklar ya\u015far. Pers \u00fclkesindeki K\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 ile Armenia \u00fclkesinde halen Mardoi ad\u0131 verilen Amard\u2019lar ayn\u0131 \u015fekildir (\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2).<\/p>\n
K\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ilk \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc san\u0131r\u0131m eski Attik telaffuza g\u00f6re \/\u00fc\/ diye okumak laz\u0131m, yani K\u00fcrti. Latin alfabesine genellikle y ile Cyrtii diye aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mard\u2019lara de\u011finmesi ilgin\u00e7. MS 4. yy\u2019da Ermenistan Tarihi yazan Bizansl\u0131 Faustus\u2019a g\u00f6re (Pavstos B\u00fczantatsi) \u201cMard-ba\u015f\u0131\u201d yahut \u201cMard-beyi\u201d (mardpet) unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan zat Ermeni askeri aristokrasisinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcyesiydi. Memleketi, anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Van\u2019\u0131n Saray ve \u00d6zalp il\u00e7eleri olmal\u0131. K\u00fcrti\u2019lerle Mard\u2019lar\u0131n \u201cayn\u0131 \u015fekil\u201d olmas\u0131 ne demek, bir fikrim yok. Strabon sanki \u201cErmeni siyasi sitemine dahil olanlara Mard, Pers diyar\u0131nda olanlara K\u00fcrti denir\u201d gibi bir \u015fey kastetmi\u015f, ama emin olamad\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Kadus\u2019lar (\u039a\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9) ve Tap\u00fcr\u2019ler hakk\u0131nda bilgimiz yok. \u0130lki acaba Hakkari kasabas\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131nda kadim bir siyasi ve dini merkez olan Kud\u015fanis (Kadu\u015fan-?, \u015fimdiki ad\u0131 Konakl\u0131) ile alakal\u0131 olabilir mi?<\/p>\n
\u0130ran\u2019da Sasaniler devrine ait K\u0101rn\u0101mag-i Artax\u015f\u012br-i P\u0101bak\u0101n adl\u0131 Pehlevice menk\u0131bede (muhtemelen 6. yy. ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131) Kurd\u0101n kavmi birka\u00e7 kez zikredilmi\u015f. MacKenzie’nin transkripsiyonundan bir \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n
ud s\u0101s\u0101n \u0161ub\u0101n \u012b p\u0101bag b\u016bd ud hamw\u0101r ab\u0101g g\u014dspand\u0101n b\u016bd ud az t\u014dhmag \u012b d\u0101r\u0101 \u012b d\u0101r\u0101y\u0101n b\u016bd ud andar du\u0161xwad\u0101y\u012bh \u012b alaksandar *niy\u0101g\u0101n \u014d wir\u0113g ud nih\u0101n-rawi\u0161n\u012bh \u0113st\u0101d ud ab\u0101g kurd\u0101n \u0161ub\u0101n\u0101n raft.[1]\n
Terc\u00fcmesi: \u201cDuring the evil reign of Alexander, the descendants of D\u00e2r\u00e2b privately lived in distant lands, wandering with Kurdish shepherds.\u201d<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan benim \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m sonu\u00e7, b\u00f6lgede \u0130rani diller konu\u015fan (veya konu\u015fmayan) \u00e7e\u015fitli kavimler vard\u0131, bunlardan biri olan \u201cK\u00fcrt\u201dler 10. yy\u2019da Arap imparatorlu\u011funun da\u011f\u0131lma ve \u0130slam \u00fcmmetinin etnik birimlere ayr\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde b\u00f6lgesel bir egemenlik kurdular, alanlar\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131da Urfa\u2019ya kadar geni\u015flettiler.<\/p>\n
*<\/p>\n
Daha eskisi hakk\u0131nda bir \u015fey biliyor muyuz?<\/p>\n
M\u00d6 401 y\u0131l\u0131nda ordusuyla beraber buralardan ge\u00e7en Atinal\u0131 Ksenofon, Cizre\u2019nin kuzeyinde, Dicle \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n solundaki da\u011fl\u0131k \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan Kardukh (\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9) kavminden s\u00f6z eder. Bunlar Pers kral\u0131na tabi de\u011fildir ve sava\u015fta (sapanla?) ta\u015f atarlar. Ksenofon\u2019dan d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra Strabon (\u00a716.1.24) eskilerin Kardukh ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kavmin \u015fimdi Gord\u00fc\/Gordi (\u0393\u03bf\u03c1\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03af) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Gordyen\u00ea (Gordi-istan) diyar\u0131nda Pinaka, Satalka ve Sareisa kentleri vard\u0131r; \u00fc\u00e7 hisar\u0131 olan ilki, \u00fc\u00e7 kent gibidir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 yerin en az ikisini te\u015fhis edebiliyoruz. Pinaka halen yerel dilde Finik ad\u0131 verilen \u015e\u0131rnak-G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckonak il\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 Damlarca (Finik\u00ea rew\u00ee) ve Eskiyap\u0131 (Finik\u00ea gel\u00ee) k\u00f6yleridir. Satalka Cudi Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 ucunda, T\u00fcrk g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131p yerle bir edilmi\u015f olan eski \u015eax, resmi dilde \u00c7a\u011flayan k\u00f6y\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sareisa ise, kesin olmamakla birlikte, \u015e\u0131rnak (eski ad\u0131 Sirunak\/\u015eirunak) kasabas\u0131 olabilir. Asur kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda kral I Tiglath-Pileser\u2019in M\u00d6 1100 civar\u0131nda kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferle an\u0131lan \u015earai\u015fa\/\u015eere\u015fa mevkii buras\u0131 olsa gerekir.<\/p>\n
MS 2. yy ba\u015f\u0131nda Plutarkhos (Lucullus \u00a721 vd.), 4. yy\u2019da Antakyal\u0131 Ammianus Marcellinus (Rer. G. \u00a715.2, \u00a718.6) Gordyen\u00ea\/Gorduen\u00ea \u00fclkesi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirler. \u00dclke Roma ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kez el de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, fakat ikisine da tam boyun e\u011fmemi\u015ftir. Armenia \u00fclkesinin bir c\u00fcz\u00fcd\u00fcr, fakat kendi krallar\u0131\/beyleri vard\u0131r. Ermeni kral\u0131 Tigranes\u2019in yeni kurdu\u011fu Tigranocerta (Dikranakert) kenti bu \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde veya yak\u0131n\u0131ndad\u0131r (belki Batman yak\u0131n\u0131nda, Garzan nehrine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren eski Erzen kenti?). Ermeni illerinden Albak (halen Ba\u015fkale\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 Albayrak) Gorduene vilayetine dahildir. Demek ki merkezi \u015e\u0131rnak-Cizre olan, belki farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde Batman\u2019dan Hakkari ve Ba\u015fkale\u2019ye, hatta belki \u0130ran\u2019da Salmas\u2019a kadar egemenlik sahas\u0131 kuran bir olu\u015fumdan s\u00f6z ediyoruz.<\/p>\n
Kardukh\u2019taki ukh eki, Ermenice \u00e7o\u011ful tak\u0131s\u0131 olan +k\u2019 olabilir. Yani \u201cKardu\u201d diye bir ulus varsa Ermenice bunlara topluca Karduk\u2019 denir, sondaki k \/kh\/ gibi telaffuz edilir. Ksenofon\u2019un Kardukh\u2019lar\u0131 ile Roma d\u00f6neminin Gordi\/Kordi\u2019leri, yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz Kyrti\/K\u00fcrti\u2019lerle ayn\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? B\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle \u00f6yle olmal\u0131, ama kesin konu\u015fmak zor. Modern milliyet\u00e7ilik \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011fda ayn\u0131 kavmin farkl\u0131 kollar\u0131, birbirinden az \u00e7ok ayr\u0131\u015fan adlarla ayr\u0131 kimlikler olu\u015fturabilir,[2] kavmin kendine verdi\u011fi adla yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fi ad ayr\u0131 olabilir, hatta yabanc\u0131lar kom\u015fu kavmi bilerek ya da bilmeden yanl\u0131\u015f adland\u0131rabilir.[3]\n
Ermenice kaynaklarda geni\u015f anlamda Gordyen\u00ea \u00fclkesinin ad\u0131 Kor\u00e7ayk\u2019 \u053f\u0578\u0580\u0573\u0561\u0575\u0584 olarak ge\u00e7er. 7. yy\u2019a ait Ermenice A\u015fkharhatsuyts \u0531\u0577\u056d\u0561\u0580\u0570\u0561\u0581\u0578\u0575\u0581 adl\u0131 co\u011frafya rehberi bu diyar\u0131n il\u00e7elerini sayarken, Pinik \u0553\u056b\u0576\u056b\u056f kalesinin bulundu\u011fu merkez il\u00e7eye Korduk\u2019 veya Kordik\u2019 \u053f\u0578\u0580\u0564\u0578\u0582\u0584, \u053f\u0578\u0580\u0564\u056b\u0584 ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. Mamafih bu bilgiye \u00e7ok da g\u00fcvenmeye gelmez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc A\u015fkharhatsuyts Yunancadan \u00e7eviridir ve yer adlar\u0131n\u0131 antik edebi kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u201cd\u00fczeltmi\u015f\u201d olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm kaynaklarda Finik-\u015e\u0131rnak y\u00f6resinin Ermenice ad\u0131 Tmorik\u2019 \u054f\u0574\u0578\u0580\u056b\u0584 olarak g\u00f6sterilir. Eski Ermenice metinlerde ba\u015fka yerde Kurd, Kardu, Gordu, Gordi vb. ad\u0131na rastlanmaz.<\/p>\n
Halen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de eski ad\u0131 Gercanis veya Gercigan\/Ker\u00e7ikan olarak telaffuz edilen \u00fc\u00e7 yer var. Biri Erzincan\u2019\u0131n Refahiye il\u00e7esi, biri Tatvan\u2019\u0131n eskiden ayr\u0131 bir il\u00e7e olan Re\u015fadiye buca\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00fck\u00fcs\/Bah\u00e7esaray\u2019da bir k\u00f6y. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de Ermenice asl\u0131 Garc\u0131gank, akkuzatif Garc\u0131gan\u0131s, eski dilde Kar\u00e7gank\u2019 \u053f\u0561\u0580\u0573\u056f\u0561\u0576\u0584. \u201cKor\u00e7ayk\u2019l\u0131lar\u201ddemek.<\/p>\n
Yani \u201cK\u00fcrt\u201d m\u00fc demek? \u201cK\u00fcrt\u201d ne demek? D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeli. <\/p>\n[1] http:\/\/titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de \u2013 text database \u2013 Middle Persian (Pahlavi). Metinde iki kelimeyi T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden, en az d\u00f6rt be\u015f kelimeyi Osmanl\u0131ca bilginizden \u00e7\u0131karabilmeniz laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n[2] Kurmanci ve K\u0131rman\u00e7ki iki ayr\u0131 topluluk ve iki ayr\u0131 dildir. Muhtemelen ortak k\u00f6kten gelen fakat ayr\u0131 dil konu\u015fan Rize Hem\u015finlilerle Hopa Hem\u015finliler birbirlerini asla \u201cayn\u0131 kavim\u201d saymaz. Etiyopya\u2019da Tigr\u00e9 ile Tigrinya ayn\u0131 \u015fey mi diye sorunca yar\u0131m saat s\u00fcren bir a\u00e7\u0131klama dinlersiniz, gene bir \u015fey anlamazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n[3] Ermeniler i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkler Dacik (Tacik)\u2019tir. T\u00fcrkler Trabzonlulara Laz ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. Ermenice konu\u015fan Po\u015fa\u2019lara kendileri Lom, T\u00fcrkler \u00c7ingene ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. \u0130ki bin sene sonra bu bilgilerden sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n isterseniz.<\/p>\n
Kaynak: http:\/\/nisanyan1.blogspot.ch\/2018\/01\/kurt-adnn-tarihi.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
K\u00fcrt ad\u0131n\u0131n tarihi – Sevan Ni\u015fanyan 14 Ocak 2018 Pazar K\u00fcrtlerin siyasi bir varl\u0131k olarak tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, benim bildi\u011fim, 10. yy\u2019d\u0131r. \u201cK\u00fcrt bir \u00e7oban\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan Bad (yahut Badh) b. Dostak 983 y\u0131l\u0131nda Miyyafarkin\u2019de (\u015fimdiki Silvan) y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irir. Onunla ba\u015flayan Mervani s\u00fclalesi, T\u00fcrklerin geli\u015finden \u00f6nceki kaotik y\u00fczy\u0131lda bat\u0131da Urfa\u2019dan do\u011fuda Bitlis ve Cizire\u2019ye …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[41,40],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2168"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2168"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2168\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2169,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2168\/revisions\/2169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2168"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2168"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dengekurdistan.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}